The Tempest...

 Name:- Kailas Gohil
 Roll No:- 14
 E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
 Paper No:- 11 ( The postcolonial Literature)
 Submitted by:-Department of English,Dilip Barad sir






















• Topic:- The Tempest……


• Introduction:-       
  The Tempest by William Shakespeare:  William Shakespeare's last play, The Tempest,, was first performed in 1611, although it was the opening play of his collected works of 1623. The play has long dazzled readers and audiences with its intricate blend of magic, music, humour, intrigue and tenderness.

Prospero - The play’s protagonist, and father of Miranda. Twelve years before the events of the play, Prospero was the duke of Milan. His brother, Antonio, in concert with Alonso, king of Naples, usurped him, forcing him to flee in a boat with his daughter. The honest lord Gonzalo aided Prospero in his escape. Prospero has spent his twelve years on the island refining the magic that gives him the power he needs to punish and forgive his enemies
Miranda - The daughter of Prospero, Miranda was brought to the island at an early age and has never seen any men other than her father and Caliban, though she dimly remembers being cared for by female servants as an infant. Because she has been sealed off from the world for so long, Miranda’s perceptions of other people tend to be naïve and non-judgmental. She is compassionate, generous, and loyal to her father.
• Comedy and Tragicomedy:-
The Tempest is actually classified in Shakespeare's first folio as a comedy, which would be fine enough, except this play has certain elements that are peculiar to a new genre. When The Tempest came out, the "tragicomedy" had recently been brought into the English theater scene (by John Fletcher, who would eventually replace Shakespeare as principal writer for the King's Men).
Its principle elements were pastoral settings (shepherds, shepherdesses, fuzzy lambs, etc.), misunderstandings or mix-ups about love, and potentially tragic consequences that are happily avoided by some magical intervention. Shakespeare, because he's just like that, added to the form.
• Romance:-
The Tempest is also part of a group of four plays (including Cymbeline,  and Pericles) that literary critics refer to as dance (Not the kind of romances that feature a scantily clad woman and guy with bulging muscles on the book cover.) These plays were written at the end of Shakespeare's career and share a few things in common. Let's take a quick peek at our handy-dandy checklist of elements that are common in Shakespeare's "romance" plays to see how The Tempest fits into the genre:
Elements of magic and the fantastic: Prospero is a magician who whips up a storm and sends his airy sprite on crazy missions all over the island. Check.
Elaborate scenery, music, and costumes were essential elements of earlier masques, but during the Jacobean period, the masque became more ornate and much more expensive to stage. Eventually the cost became so great — and the tax burden on the poor so significant — that the masques became an important contributing cause for the English Revolution, and ultimately, the execution of Charles I.
• Structure of The Tempest
There is really very little plot in The Tempest. There is the love story, and then there is the story of two younger brothers who covet their older brothers' titles and possessions. And finally, there is the story of Caliban's plot to murder Prospero. But none of these plots are given much Although The Tempest ends with the promise of a wedding, it could just as easily have ended with tragedy. In this play, there are two murder plots and a betrayal to resolve. In a tragedy, these might have ended with the stage awash in blood, as in Hamlet, but in The Tempest, Prospero's careful manipulation of all the characters and their plans also controls the direction of the action. Prospero's avoidance of tragedy reveals his character's decency and contradicts some critics' arguments that he is an amoral demigod exploiting the natural inhabitants of this island.
• Literary Devices in The Tempest
Students of Shakespeare's plays quickly come to appreciate the literary devices that the playwright employs in constructing his plays. For example, most Shakespearean plays contain soliloquies, which offer a way for the playwright to divulge a character's inner thoughts. The soliloquy requires that the character must think that he is alone on stage, as he reveals to the audience what he is really thinking. In The Tempest, the soliloquy is not used as often as it would be in a tragedy, because the dramatic moments are not as intense. However, Prospero still uses this device, most notably in Act V, when he tells the audience what he has accomplished with the help of magic and that soon he will no longer have need for such devices.
A soliloquy is different from a monologue, in which a character speaks aloud his thoughts, but with other characters present. Shakespeare also frequently employs the aside, in which the character addresses the audience, but other characters do not hear these words. There is a suggestion of conspiracy in the aside, which allows the audience to learn details that most of the characters on stage do not know. For example, Miranda uses an aside in Act I, Scene 2, when she confides to the audience her concern for her father. The aside is usually assumed to be truthful.
• Shakespeare's Language
Shakespeare's Elizabethan language can sometimes intimidate his audience. Shakespeare wrote most of The Tempest in verse, using iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter is a literary term that defines the play's meter and the stresses placed on each syllable. In iambic pentameter, each complete line contains ten syllables, with each pair of syllables containing both an accented syllable and an unaccented syllable. Many Renaissance poets used iambic pentameter because the alternating stresses create a rhythm that contributes to the beauty of the play's language.
 Elaborate scenery, music, and costumes were essential elements of earlier masques, but during the Jacobean period, the masque became more ornate and much more expensive to stage. Eventually the cost became so great — and the tax burden on the poor so significant — that the masques became an important contributing cause for the English Revolution, and ultimately, the execution of Charles I.
• Structure of The Tempest
There is really very little plot in The Tempest. There is the love story, and then there is the story of two younger brothers who covet their older brothers' titles and possessions. And finally, there is the story of Caliban's plot to murder Prospero. But none of these plots are given much attention or substance; instead, the play is about the complexities of human nature and about reminding the audience that the division between happiness and tragedy is always fragile and must be carefully maintained.

• Conclusion:-
Shakespeare's Elizabethan language can be difficult to understand at first. Use of a Shakespearean glossary and the Oxford English Dictionary are two sources that can help in understanding the language, but the biggest assist comes with practice. Reading and listening to Shakespeare's words becomes easier with practice. Reading aloud also helps in becoming familiar with early modern English. With time, the unfamiliar language and the rhetorical devices that Shakespeare employed in writing his texts cease to be strange, and the language assumes the beauty that is hidden within it.

The old man and the sea:- Theme and plot

• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.






























• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.






















• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.





























• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.































• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.























• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.































• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.

The Birthday party: Character Analysis

• Name: Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No:- 9 ( The Modernist literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:- The Birthday Party: Character Analysis

• Introduction:-
                  Harold Pinter, born in 1930, English Playwright, knows for his so-called “ COMEDIES OF MENSCE”, which humorously and Cynically depict people attempting to communite as they react to an invasion or  threat of an invasion  of their lives. He is  also noted for his unique use of dialogue, which exposed his  characters alienation from each other and explores the layers of meaning produced by pauses and silence. In 2005 Pinter was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

• Meg Boles:-
                   Petey's wife, Meg Boles is a good- natured woman in her sixties. Of only from a lack of any reference to offspring  of her own, it is implied that she  and Petey are Childress, this she fills a void in her life by turning the  bole’s boarding – house tenant, Stanley Webber, into a kind  of surrogate child. She insists on calling him “boy”  and mothering him. She even takes liberties appropriate to a parent- though not to the landlady of an adult roomer- by invading his  privacy to fetch him down to breakfast.
                At the  se time, Meg flirts with Stanley, trying  to fill a Second void in her life. Her marriage  to Petey has settled in to mechanical routine, as their  listless  and  inane dialogue  that opens the play reveals. Meg tried to win Stanley's  approval of her as a woman, Shamelessly fishing for  compliments. Stanley, in his mildly perverse manner, responses by reading by reading her, knowing that she is both vulnerable and gullible.
           
 The Birthday Party: Character Analysis
   As the  play progress, it becomes  clear that Meg though mental lightweight, is a decent woman. She is also rather sentimental. Although it is probably not even Stanley’s real birthday, she insists that it is, determined to help Stanley weather his self – destructive despondency. She also seems to be his last hope, and her absence, when he is taken away near the end of the play, intensified his final wretchedness.

• Petey Boles:-
                   Like his  wife, Petey Boles is in his  sixties. He is a deck- chair attendant at the unidentified seaside  resort where he and Meg own their boarding  house, which, although it is “on the list” ,has seen much better days. Petey is full and ambitionless, no more inclined than his wife to find challenges beyond the confines of their rooming house. The pair  have simply settled in to a humdrum existence appropriate to their mundane minds.
Because it is  his  chess night, Petey is not present during the birthday party. He leaves before it begins, then appears the following morning, when he makes a feeble attempt to prevent Goldberg and McCann from taking Stanley away, though he backs down the  when the men suggest that they might take him as well. Petey’s decency is finally as ineffectual as Meg's. At the play's  conclusion, he can do nothing  but slip back in to vapid conversation with his wife, who reveals that was not even aware that he had completely missed the party.

• Benny:- see Nat Goldberg.
• Simey:- Se Nat Goldberg.
 The Birthday Party: Character Analysis

• Lulu:-
                 Described as a “ girl in her twenties,” lulu is a neighbour who first appears carrying Stanley’s birthday present, the toy drum and drum sticks that Meg had bought for him. On the flirtatious side, she is self- conscious about  her sexual appeal and cannot sit still for long without taking out a compact to powder her  face. To her, looks are obviously important, and she sees Stanley as “ washout” because he seems to care nothing about his unkempt appearance.
               Behind her glamour, there is some youthful innocence to lulu. She is blind to Goldberg's  predatory nature and is drawn into his charm. She sits on his lap and flirts with him, a foreshadowing of what occurs between them later that night. That she is some sort  of sexual sacrifice is also suggested  in the conclusion to the bizarre  events  that take place when the light go out during  the party. When they are restored, she is revealed “ lying spread- eagle on the table.”  With Stanley hunches over her giggling insanely.
                   In the last act, Lulu seems broken by the night's experiences, but she is also angry. Goldberg, who baldly claims that he shares some of her innocence, had entered her room with a mysterious briefcase and begun sexually abusing her, using her, she complain, as “ a passing fancy.”  She leaves angry and frightened when McCann and Goldberg threaten to exact a confession from her.

• Dermont McCann:-
                        McCann, in his thirties, is Goldberg’s younger associate. Unlike Goldberg, who reveals a Jewish heritage, McCann is an immoral
 The Birthday party: Character Analysis
Irish Catholic, possibly a defrocked priest. Like  Goldberg, he exercises careful self control, a quality which contributed to the  sinister impression of both men. He is also methodical and  compulsive, as is revealed in his  ritual habit of carefully tearing Petey’s newspaper into strips. He differs from Goldberg in important respects , however. More reticent, he is not as superficially  warm or  out going, and when he dose speak he seems  more inclined to echo Goldberg than to offer new observations. He is also physically more intimidating than Goldberg, who deliberately covers his viciousness with mask of fatherly  interest in the others and disarms everyone  with his nostalgia. It is McCann who shoves Stanley at the party and snaps. When he  does talk, McCann usually just adapts to the mood set by Goldberg. Usually, too. He defers to Goldberg’s age and authority, even obeying the older man's peculiar request that McCann, blow into his mouth. However, at times he seems more Goldberg’s equal partner, especially during the interrogations of Stanley, when, just as voluble ,he become Goldberg’s co- inquisitor.

• Stanley Webber:-
                 Until his nemeses Goldberg and McCann appear, Stanley is the only lodged at the boles' run- down seaside boarding house. The basis of his relationship to Goldberg and McCann, at best hinted at, is never fully revealed, but their coming finally destroys Stanley’s last vestiges of self- control. Near the play’s end , when they have reduced him to idiocy, they haul him off in Goldberg’s car to face the “ Monty,” some vague, ominous fate.
     
 The Birthday party: Character Analysis
      Stanley, in his late- thirties, Is an unemployed musician, reluctant  to leave the boarding house, which has become a kind of refuge from “them”  the  nebulous persecutors who, in the past,  destroyed his career as a concert pianist. He has grown both slovenly and desultory, and although he fantasize about playing in great cities on a world tour, he has no real hope. Lacking a piano, he cannot even practice . As he confides in an honest moment, his only success in concert was in  concert was in lower Edmonton, a pathetic contrast to the cities  he names as venues on his dream tour.
Stanley’s dread of what lies beyond the boarding 6 traps h in a trying relationship with Meg, for whom he must act as both wayward child and surrogate husband. He is not always able to mask his disgust with this relationship and is prone to express his contempt for her in cruel verbal jibes and petty behaviour. He also teases her. For example, he tells her that “they’ are coming in a van with a wheelbarrow, looking for someone to haul off, presumably Meg. His hostility finally takes more violent from, when, during the birthday party, he tried to strangle her but is stopped by McCann and Goldberg.
                  Stanley, the nominal protagonist of THE BIRTHDAY PARTY, barely struggles against his persecutors, quickly succumbing as if before some inevitable and implacable doom. Although he never evidences any built for his betrayal of the unspecified  cause he responses to his inquisitors as if he knows that there is nowhere to tum, nowhere to hide. At the end, although unable to voice his feelings, he seems resigned to his unknown fate.


 The Birthday party: Character Analysis

• Conclusion:-
                        Any short of single interrogations of Pinter’s  play possible. His plays cannot be bound in any single definition:
Pinter in his speech at the time of Nobel prize:
“I have often been asked how my plays about. I cannot say. Nor can ever sum up my plays, except to say that this is what is what happened. That is what is what they said. That is what they did.”