Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on Objectives.

• Name: Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• Email id:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No:- 12 (A English language Teaching-1)
• Submitted by:- Department of English, Dilip Barad sir












.



 Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on Objectives.

• Introduction……..
ABSTRACT; After highlighting theoretical aspects of the nation “objectives of  language teaching”, we discuss the functionally-determined sub-categorization of language into First language, Second  language, Foreign language and Classical Language. We then Focus on the objectives of teaching English as a second language in India.

• The Objectives of language Teaching:-
                  The  global Objectives of language Teaching can be  defined as helping children learn a language or languages  to perform a variety of functions. These range from  the  sociable use  of language for phatic communication and a network of  communication uses to it’s use at the highest level of “cognition”, and “ catharsis” and “self-expression”. Underlying these functions are two fundamental functions; helping children learn how to ask  question. The most important intellectual ability man has yet developed and helping children use this language cllectively in different social network.
             Language in a multilingual setting from a system-network. Such language  in this network has a function
 Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on Objectives.

determined value contrastive to the functionally-determined belies of the other language. A society or a government can assign a new value to any one of the language in the system network in terms of it’s  own policy of language planning, but the society or government must realize that this assignment of a new value to a language will produce a chain reaction in the network. The  values of the other language in the network are bound to undergo changes( Varma 1984:2).
        The notion of “Link language” or “ Lingue Franca” has an important significance in a multilingual setting, It encouraged wider mobility, national integration, and a sense of tolerance. It enricher other  language in contact acid gets enriched by  them. Effective bilingualism or linguistic repertoire  of individuals. These resources offered by plurality of  language can be used for rapid social and economic changes and modernization programed.
        Teaching is not a unidirectional process of pumping bits and pieces of unrelated and undigested gobbets of  knowledge in to empty sacks. It is  bidirectional,  international process . Learners  are not just  passive  recipients of  socially accepted language patterns. They play an active role in this teaching-learning  process. They actively  strain, filter and reorganize what they are exposed to. Their initiations are not
 Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on Objectives.

photographic reproductions   but artistic recreations. The  learners are meaning- makers. The main objective at  every level of teaching should be to help learners learn how to draw their latent creativity.
          Every  learners is born with a built – in language- Learning  mechanism. This  mechanism gets  activated  when  the  learners  is exposed  to that language. What  is, therefore, essential is to create an atmosphere  where Learning can  take place. Children learn the  language they hear around  them. Exposure to  a rich Varity of linguistic material is as important in first language Acquisition as in second language Learning. The teaching of English as a Second language, in particular, has  often been  less  successful than it might have been, as a result of  the  restricted  variety of linguistic contexts with which students are  provided . Learners should ideally ne exposed to a variety  of  contextualized  language materials. They must hear  and see language in action.
         The emphasis should shift from encouraging learners to  memorize  paradigms and   grammatical rules  to helping them interact  with people using  different  registers  of language and variaty of situations. In  that  proceeds the learners internalize not  only  the linguistic but also the sociolinguistic rules  of the  game, so that they capture the system which enabled them to
 Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on Objectives.

Focus on “what to say when and how”. It  should also enable them  to organize words in sentences and sentences  in texts effectively keeping in view ' the  topic  of discourse “ addresser-addresser relationship”, and “ socio- cultural setting”. Learning a language is not just a Question of learning to produce sente6 and utterances which are grammatical and acceptable; they must also be appropriate.
         Such of  the  four  major skills: Reading, Writing, Speaking and understanding, is composed of  a hierarchy of subskills. What is necessary  is to identity the  subskills that are to be strengthened and expanded in the process of teaching a first language, a Second language or Foreign language.
          The objective of teaching a language or language is not simply to make the learner  learn  the major language skills  but to enable the learners to  play their communicative roles  effectively and to select language/register/styles according to the roles they are playing. Every  social  person is a bundle of personas, a bundle of parts, each  part having  its  lines. If you  do not know your lines, your are no use in the play”(Frist 1957:184).
         The object in teaching a language… is to enable the learner to behave in such a way that he can participate to some degree 
 Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on objectives.

and for certain purposes as a member of a community what than his own. The degree to  which any particular learners may wish to  particular learner may wish to participate will vary. He may  seek only to read teachnical Literature, or he may wish to preach the gospel in a Foreign country. These varying digress of participation require different levels of skill in language performance.
            A teacher full of  life and vigour, resourcefulness and innovative power, love and understanding, can turn a full class into a lively  two-way  interactional game. A well- qualified, energetic and  inventive  teacher cam be a “ living” model, and act as the best audio- visual aid.

• Functionally-determined sub- categories….
• First language (L1)....
               L1 is used for performing  all the essential, personal functions. These are gradually expanded to cover all types of interpersonal  function. “In order to live, the young  human, has to be progressively  incorporated into social organization, and the main conditions of  the incorporation is sharing  the local magic –that is,  the language ( 1957:185). L1 is an indispensable instrument  of national culture the primary means for the
 Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on objectives.

transmission of culture crime one genre to another. “ Learning through  the mother tongue  is the most and comprehensive medium for the expression of the student personality”. (Government of India 1956), for it is Learning the all his or her future  activates else (Abercrombie1956:23). The such commission in 1902 recommended mother  tongue  as the medium   od instruction for all classes up to the higher secondary..
• Second language (L2):-…….
       L2 may be used as an auxiliary or associate language, slot- filler, performing those functions which are not  norm performed by L1. For a vast majority of educated people living in and cities,  English as a Second  functions primary a  interstate or international link language. Some of them also use it a international language of knowledge, trade and industry. An import question here is: is L2 the main or associated medium of instruct all levels or at a particular  level, or is  it  taught as a subject listed our  “ other  language”?. When an “ isoglosses”  language is used  by a could  as its  official language and / or as a medium of instruction at all level  generates it’s own problems.

 Topic:- Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on objectives.

• Foreign language:………
                    It is used by a select group of leaners in a very restricted select situations. The main objectives of leanering a Foreign language is to direct access to the  speakers  these language and their cultures  enables  the  learners to participate in a Foreign society in certain and certain situations. A Foreign language like Russian is used in  Learning for absorbing the  cultural patterns of the USSR; English as a Second language is used in as an alternative way of expressing  India patterns of life.

• Classical Language:-………
               A Classical Language like Sanskrit provides recess to ancie culture Learning and Philosophy of life and is assumed to contributed  the intellectual enrichment of it’s  learners. It’s real value cannot  measured in terms of wait it helps you do in everyday life  but in term of confidence  enrichment the modern language and offering “ insights” into a Varity  of linguistic problems.


 Topic:-Teaching English as a Second language in India: Focus on objectives.

• Conclusion:….
       
       The objective have to be formulates in the  light of what we perceive our  needs for English to be  in a multilingual setting, at both the national and  individual levels.  This  is related to the  following questions: what are the roles of Hindi, English, regional language, classical language, Foreign language, and languages of the  minority group in our  multilingual setting?. What  are the topics and situations that will necessities the use of English?. What is the kind and amount of English that learners will need.

The Tempest...

 Name:- Kailas Gohil
 Roll No:- 14
 E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
 Paper No:- 11 ( The postcolonial Literature)
 Submitted by:-Department of English,Dilip Barad sir






















• Topic:- The Tempest……


• Introduction:-       
  The Tempest by William Shakespeare:  William Shakespeare's last play, The Tempest,, was first performed in 1611, although it was the opening play of his collected works of 1623. The play has long dazzled readers and audiences with its intricate blend of magic, music, humour, intrigue and tenderness.

Prospero - The play’s protagonist, and father of Miranda. Twelve years before the events of the play, Prospero was the duke of Milan. His brother, Antonio, in concert with Alonso, king of Naples, usurped him, forcing him to flee in a boat with his daughter. The honest lord Gonzalo aided Prospero in his escape. Prospero has spent his twelve years on the island refining the magic that gives him the power he needs to punish and forgive his enemies
Miranda - The daughter of Prospero, Miranda was brought to the island at an early age and has never seen any men other than her father and Caliban, though she dimly remembers being cared for by female servants as an infant. Because she has been sealed off from the world for so long, Miranda’s perceptions of other people tend to be naïve and non-judgmental. She is compassionate, generous, and loyal to her father.
• Comedy and Tragicomedy:-
The Tempest is actually classified in Shakespeare's first folio as a comedy, which would be fine enough, except this play has certain elements that are peculiar to a new genre. When The Tempest came out, the "tragicomedy" had recently been brought into the English theater scene (by John Fletcher, who would eventually replace Shakespeare as principal writer for the King's Men).
Its principle elements were pastoral settings (shepherds, shepherdesses, fuzzy lambs, etc.), misunderstandings or mix-ups about love, and potentially tragic consequences that are happily avoided by some magical intervention. Shakespeare, because he's just like that, added to the form.
• Romance:-
The Tempest is also part of a group of four plays (including Cymbeline,  and Pericles) that literary critics refer to as dance (Not the kind of romances that feature a scantily clad woman and guy with bulging muscles on the book cover.) These plays were written at the end of Shakespeare's career and share a few things in common. Let's take a quick peek at our handy-dandy checklist of elements that are common in Shakespeare's "romance" plays to see how The Tempest fits into the genre:
Elements of magic and the fantastic: Prospero is a magician who whips up a storm and sends his airy sprite on crazy missions all over the island. Check.
Elaborate scenery, music, and costumes were essential elements of earlier masques, but during the Jacobean period, the masque became more ornate and much more expensive to stage. Eventually the cost became so great — and the tax burden on the poor so significant — that the masques became an important contributing cause for the English Revolution, and ultimately, the execution of Charles I.
• Structure of The Tempest
There is really very little plot in The Tempest. There is the love story, and then there is the story of two younger brothers who covet their older brothers' titles and possessions. And finally, there is the story of Caliban's plot to murder Prospero. But none of these plots are given much Although The Tempest ends with the promise of a wedding, it could just as easily have ended with tragedy. In this play, there are two murder plots and a betrayal to resolve. In a tragedy, these might have ended with the stage awash in blood, as in Hamlet, but in The Tempest, Prospero's careful manipulation of all the characters and their plans also controls the direction of the action. Prospero's avoidance of tragedy reveals his character's decency and contradicts some critics' arguments that he is an amoral demigod exploiting the natural inhabitants of this island.
• Literary Devices in The Tempest
Students of Shakespeare's plays quickly come to appreciate the literary devices that the playwright employs in constructing his plays. For example, most Shakespearean plays contain soliloquies, which offer a way for the playwright to divulge a character's inner thoughts. The soliloquy requires that the character must think that he is alone on stage, as he reveals to the audience what he is really thinking. In The Tempest, the soliloquy is not used as often as it would be in a tragedy, because the dramatic moments are not as intense. However, Prospero still uses this device, most notably in Act V, when he tells the audience what he has accomplished with the help of magic and that soon he will no longer have need for such devices.
A soliloquy is different from a monologue, in which a character speaks aloud his thoughts, but with other characters present. Shakespeare also frequently employs the aside, in which the character addresses the audience, but other characters do not hear these words. There is a suggestion of conspiracy in the aside, which allows the audience to learn details that most of the characters on stage do not know. For example, Miranda uses an aside in Act I, Scene 2, when she confides to the audience her concern for her father. The aside is usually assumed to be truthful.
• Shakespeare's Language
Shakespeare's Elizabethan language can sometimes intimidate his audience. Shakespeare wrote most of The Tempest in verse, using iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter is a literary term that defines the play's meter and the stresses placed on each syllable. In iambic pentameter, each complete line contains ten syllables, with each pair of syllables containing both an accented syllable and an unaccented syllable. Many Renaissance poets used iambic pentameter because the alternating stresses create a rhythm that contributes to the beauty of the play's language.
 Elaborate scenery, music, and costumes were essential elements of earlier masques, but during the Jacobean period, the masque became more ornate and much more expensive to stage. Eventually the cost became so great — and the tax burden on the poor so significant — that the masques became an important contributing cause for the English Revolution, and ultimately, the execution of Charles I.
• Structure of The Tempest
There is really very little plot in The Tempest. There is the love story, and then there is the story of two younger brothers who covet their older brothers' titles and possessions. And finally, there is the story of Caliban's plot to murder Prospero. But none of these plots are given much attention or substance; instead, the play is about the complexities of human nature and about reminding the audience that the division between happiness and tragedy is always fragile and must be carefully maintained.

• Conclusion:-
Shakespeare's Elizabethan language can be difficult to understand at first. Use of a Shakespearean glossary and the Oxford English Dictionary are two sources that can help in understanding the language, but the biggest assist comes with practice. Reading and listening to Shakespeare's words becomes easier with practice. Reading aloud also helps in becoming familiar with early modern English. With time, the unfamiliar language and the rhetorical devices that Shakespeare employed in writing his texts cease to be strange, and the language assumes the beauty that is hidden within it.

The old man and the sea:- Theme and plot

• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.






























• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.






















• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.





























• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.































• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.























• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.































• Name:- Kailas Gohil
• Roll No:- 14
• E-mail ID:- kailasgohil1998@gmail.com
• Paper No :- 10( The American Literature)
• Submitted by:- Department of English,Dilip Barad sir


















 Topic:-“The old man and the sea” Theme and plot.

• Introduction:-
‘The Old man and the sea'  is a novel, written by ‘Ernest Hemingway' in 1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work  of fiction to be  produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is  one of his famous works  and its centres upon Santiago, an aging  fisherman . He struggles  with against marlin far out  in the  sea. The old man and the sea  was awarded the Pulitzer prize for fiction in 1953 and was cited by the Nobel  committee as contributing  to the  awarding of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1954.

• Plot:-
The  old man and the sea is the story of a battle  between an old experienced  Cuben fishermen and a large marlin. The Nobel opens with the explanation that  the fisherman. He is  named ‘Santiago'  has hone eighty-four days without catching a fish. Santiago is considered Salao,   the worst  for of unlucky. In fact, he is  so unlucky that his  young friend, ' Marlin'  has been  forbidden by his parents  to sail  with the  old man and been ordered to fish with  more successful fisherman. The boy visits  Santiago’s  shack  each night, hauling  back his  fishing gear,  getting h food  and  discussing American Baseball especially his player Di Maggio. Santiago  tells mandolin that  on. The next day, he  will sail far out  into  the gulf  to fish, confident that  his unlucky streak  is near it’s end.  This, Santiago  sets out alone  taking  his skiff far on to  the gulf. He sets his lines and by noon of the first day, a big fish that surely is a marlin his bait.
Santiago is  unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and nights pass in this manner, during which  the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in  pain, Santiago expresses compass ionatt appreciation  for his adversary often  referring  to him as a brother. The old man determines that because of the fish' s  great  dignity, no one  will be worthy of  eating  the marlin. On the  third day of ordeal, the  fish’  begins to circle the skiff, indicating  his tiredness to the old man. Santiago uses  all the  strength  he has left  in him to pull the fish’ on to it’s side  and stab  the marlin with  his harpoon, ending  the long battle between  him a d the fish. Santiago  straps the marlin to the  side  of his skiff and then  heads home, thinking about the high price the fish’ will bring  him at the market and how many people he will feed.

• While Santiago continues  his journey back  to the shore, sharks  are attracted  to the trail of blood left by the marlin  in the  water. The. First is a great mako shark, that Santiago kills with his harpoon and then loses the  harpoon in the process. Santiago makes  a new harpoon by strapping  his knife to the end of an our to help killing the next line of sharks that are slain and many others are driven away. The sharks keep coming , and by  night the sharks have almost eaten all the marlin, leaving a skeleton  only. Finally, teaching  shore before  dawn on the next day , carrying  the heavy mast on his shoulder . Once home, he slumps into his bed and falls into a deep sleep. Manolin worried during  the old man is endeavour, cries  upon finding h safe asleep. The boy brings him newspaper and coffee. When. The old man wakes, they promise to fish’ together  once again. Upon  he return to sleep, Santiago dreams of his youth- of lions on an African beach.
• Theme:-

 Pride:-
                      Pride is often defined  as a negative  attribute  that causes people to  reach for too much and as a result, suffer a terrible full. Santiago knows that  he killed the marlin for pride and wonders of  pride makes the act a sin, but Santiago's  pride is his main motivation that pushes as sea,. And his pride is of a particular, limited sort. Santiago takes pride in being exactly what he is a man and a fisherman, nothing more.

 The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-
                     From the very first paragraph, Santiago is  characterized as someone  struggling against  defeat. He has hone eighty-four days without catch6 a fish – he will soon pass his own record  of  eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder  of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles , “ The flag of  permanent defeat.” But  the old man  refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish’ promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his  record of eighty- seven days after a brutal three day fight, and he continues to ward  off sharks from steadying  his prey, even  though he knows the battle is useless.

 Isolation:-
                     The old man is a character isolated from people and in fact  from the world of humans  entirely  in his time on the sea. This isolation defined who he is and emphasizes the unique  nature  of his character. Isolation becomes both a weakness ( he suffers from loneliness), but also a necessary element to his battle with the fish.  Although the old man accepts and admits help from others it is alone he dose battle with the marlin, that  he must prove himself and his capabilities.

 Perseverance:-
                       The old man's battle  with the fish’ is not  only battle of strength, but a battle of wills. The old man makes up for his old man age with incredible  endurance, willing to withstand  hunger, physical  pain, and isolation from the  rest of the world as he battles  the  old man and the fish’ he  fights, as they share a determination that, in it’s magnitude, separates  them from other people and creatures.

 Friendship:-
                          The friendship between Santiago and mandolin plays a critical part in  Santiago’s victory over the  marlin. Santiago refuses to. Accept defeat  because he knows Manolin would be disappointed in him. Yet  most  of the Nobel takes place when  Santiago is alone. Except for manolin's  frien8 in the evening, Santiago  is characterized by his isolation, but  he  refuses to give in to loneliness. Santiago finds friends in other creatures, like the fish’ birds and the sea.

 The man and The Natural world:-
                         The old man is  unique  in his relationship to and understanding of the  natural world. He talks  about the  sea as though it were woman, the birds as friends, the sharks as personal enemies. He examines  the relationship between turtles  and  jellyfish, between fish’ and  birds. The  creatures  and  the  natural world become a lens through whish we examines  the old man:  they  become parables and  analogies  that allow is to gain  insight in to his character. The old man justifies  and interprets  his actions and the actions of others  as things that they “ Are born to do” we see a sense of inescapabilty in  these ideas.

 Respect and Reputation:-
                  Although he does not  recognized  himself, what makes the stakes of the battle with the marlin so high is the  notion of  respect from others with displayed of strength  and prowess. Santiago  himself  feels  great see and  respect  for the  marline, repeatedly  emphasizing this  during his. Struggle and after he  has killed the  fish. Additionally, the old man's  friendships are based on mutual  respect.

 Hunger:-
                      The old man is almost superhuman in his eating patterns. He is  never professes  hunger, despite eating  very  little or not at all. For him, eating  is not  about pleasure, but is instead a painful act that he must endure for strength. The old man dose at one point refer to hunger as pain but in terms of the fish’s hunger, not his own.

 Suffering:-
                 In the old man and the sea, the ability to withstand physical pain is one of Santiago’s defining characteristics. Suffering is a necessary step in his battle with the fish.

 Luck:- Santiago’s is unlucky.

• Conclusion:-
                 
The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell The Old Man and the Sea is perhaps the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, who himself is considered one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.